| Data structure |
Dynamic 2D/3D mesh, multi-parent cells |
Linear block chain |
Linear block chain |
Directed acyclic graph |
| Consensus |
Proof-of-Entanglement (PoE) |
Proof-of-Work |
Proof-of-Stake (Gasper) |
Tangle / Hashgraph |
| Quantum-safe signatures |
✓ ML-DSA-87 (FIPS 204, 256-bit) |
✗ ECDSA (secp256k1) |
✗ BLS12-381 / ECDSA |
◐ varies; mostly classical |
| GPU-attested validators |
✓ NVIDIA NGC proofs + P2P gate |
✗ |
✗ |
✗ |
| Energy profile |
Low; CUDA for validation, not PoW |
Very high (hash mining) |
Low (staking) |
Low |
| Throughput scaling |
Submesh parallelism + fee routing |
~7 tps mainnet |
~15–30 tps (L1) |
High (DAG parallelism) |
| Finality |
PoE + finality gadget, reorg-bounded |
Probabilistic (6 blocks) |
Epoch-based (~12–15 min) |
Varies; often probabilistic |
| AI/ML dependencies |
None — rule-based governance |
None |
None (core); apps vary |
Varies |
| Smart contracts |
WASM SDK (wallet, validator) |
Script (non-Turing) |
EVM |
EVM (Hedera), limited (IOTA) |
| Storage |
SQLite + Zstd → ScyllaDB path |
Flat files / LevelDB |
Merkle-Patricia trie |
Custom / DAG pruning |
| Deployment footprint |
1 Go binary · Linux/Windows |
Full node required |
Execution + consensus client |
Protocol-specific tooling |
| Operator tooling |
Dashboard, Prometheus, audit reports, mTLS |
RPC + 3rd party |
RPC + 3rd party |
RPC + 3rd party |